《自然》七大技术突破,过去一年里它们发展如何 | 年度盘点
▎药明康德内容团队编辑
年初,权威学术期刊《自然》发布了年度技术盘点专辑,预测了七个可能在2022年影响科学发展的突破性技术。转眼间一年已经过去,其中哪些技术已开始崭露头角,又有哪些依旧蓄势待发?在今天的这篇文章中,药明康德内容团队将为读者朋友们做梳理。
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蛋白质控制着诸多生理活动,其也是药物开发的主流靶点。为了更好地设计药物,研究人员期望能了解蛋白分子的具体结构,以便对药物分子进行更精准的优化。2020年,由DeepMind公司发布的AI算法AlphaFold 2引发了科学界的震动。基于氨基酸序列,该工具能准确地预测蛋白质的3D结构,其精准程度可与常规实验技术解析的3D结构相媲美。其诞生也“解决了生物学50年来的一个重大挑战”。
今年,AI工具在生物医药领域继续闪耀。首先,一款名为ESMFold的工具横空出世,备受关注。与AlphaFold 2不同,这款工具所针对的是蛋白质宇宙中的“暗物质”,即自然界中那些尚不为人们所知的蛋白质。凭借强大的计算能力,它成功预测了超过6亿个蛋白质三维结构,其中包含大量前所未见的结构。这些数据组成了全球首个大规模的宏基因组蛋白质结构图谱,推动着人类对蛋白质结构的理解进入全新时代。
如果说ESMFold是在黑暗的蛋白质宇宙中探寻未知,那么下面这款AI工具可谓是“无中生有”设计蛋白结构,哪怕这些蛋白结构在自然界中并不存在。2022年年末,蛋白人工设计领域的大师David Baker教授与Generate Biomedicines公司各自开发的算法可以按照要求,精准生成自然界中不存在的全新蛋白结构。也就是说,得益于当下AI算法的发展,科学家们能“反其道而行之”,根据功能需求设计某个三维蛋白结构,并据此破译出氨基酸序列,实现蛋白质结构的“定制化”。
除此之外,David Baker教授团队还利用其开发的Rosetta程序,从头设计可结合目标蛋白的蛋白药物。今年8月的《细胞》杂志上,研究人员们利用AI技术平台精准地从头设计出能够穿过细胞膜的大环多肽分子,开辟了设计全新口服药物的新途径。同时,Baker教授团队成员联合创建的初创公司Vilya也正式亮相,并从著名风投机构ARCH Venture Partners获得5000万美元A轮融资。利用这一技术,跳过高通量筛选、直接合成候选药物的策略不再遥不可及!
在聚光灯外,AI算法还在其他疾病防治的实际场景中得到了应用。譬如在疟疾疫苗的开发中,AlphaFold 2成功破解疟原虫关键蛋白的结构,为疟疾疫苗的研制奠定了基础。运用AlphaFold 2,研究人员们还发现了轮状病毒衣壳蛋白的折叠情况不同,会导致感染力的差异,为人们了解轮状病毒感染宿主的具体分子机制提供了新证据。
基因组精准调控迈入临床,蓄势腾飞
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图片来源:123RF
简单来说,先导编辑所采用的是“搜索-替换”策略。利用一种被称为“pegRNA”的特殊指导RNA(gRNA)通过逆转录生成的序列来替换掉基因组中待更正的序列。基于这一策略,先导编辑法有着极大的应用潜力,其适用于所有单碱基替换的场景,并且还可以做到DNA片段的插入和删除。由于在编辑过程中不会引起DNA双链的断裂,与传统的CRISPR-Cas9系统相比,先导编辑系统并不需要借助同源定向修复(HDR)机制来进行基因编辑,因而显著提升了编辑效率和准确性。
精准靶向递送:基因疗法的新未来
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今年是基因疗法取得爆发的一年,有多款基因疗法迎来全球首批。在临床上逐渐扩大影响之际,基因疗法的递送难点也限制了它们的应用。相比于小分子药物,作为基因疗法主体的核酸分子稳定性差,容易被降解,组织渗透性和细胞利用度不佳,即使进入体内后也很难到达目标组织和器官发挥作用。
为最大程度地发挥基因疗法的临床潜力,研究者正在开发新的给药策略,既能把核酸药物准确递送到靶组织中,同时避免对非目标器官的影响,其中代表性的递送技术包括病毒类载体,如腺相关病毒(AAV)载体和慢病毒载体等,以及非病毒性的脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)。作为推动基因治疗领域的发展的关键,这一年来,核酸药物递送技术有着多个重要进展。
在病毒载体方面,AAV依旧是生物技术公司的主要关注对象。经过一年的发展,AAV载体技术得到了很大的提升,其组织特异性不断提高,可以针对特定组织实现精准递送。以AAVHSC16载体为例,由于其病毒衣壳独特的氨基酸结构,这款载体在临床前研究中可以准确将载荷递送到大脑、心脏和肌肉组织中,同时避免靶向肝脏的药物递送。此外,一些能够突破血脑屏障将药物递送到中枢神经系统的创新AAV载体也在今年涌现,并且吸引了诺华、辉瑞等知名药企的关注,与传统AAV载体相比,它们在中枢神经系统中表现出更高和更广泛的基因表达。
图片来源:123RF
在病毒载体之外,非病毒载体同样也取得了不凡的进展。当下,对LNP进行修饰来提升其组织特异性仍是行业内实现精准递送的主要策略,多家公司围绕LNP的优化发力布局。今年5月,星锐医药(Starna Therapeutics)完成1.5亿元融资,其靶向LNPs递送技术可将mRNA精准递送至肺、脾、肝、肌肉等病灶部位,本轮融资所募集的资金将被用于进一步完善其肝外递送技术。6月,ReCode Therapeutics公司在融资中筹集了2亿美元以扩展其技术平台和管线,该公司的技术特点在于其器官选择性LNP靶向递送系统,通过在配方中加入具有不同生化特征的脂质,帮助身体将LNPs精确递送到靶标器官,并且具有不被肝脏吸收的能力。8月,一家致力于开发精准基因递送平台技术的生物医药公司Vector BioPharma正式亮相,其技术平台通过对病毒样颗粒表面进行修饰使其靶向不同抗原,从而将基因精准递送到表达特定抗原的组织或细胞中。
展望未来,这些创新基因递送技术如果顺利转化为临床应用,将为更多患有遗传性疾病的患者们提供全新的治疗方案。相信随着技术的发展,未来遗传病患者实现“一次治疗,终身获益”不再是梦想。
值得一提的是,除了上述3类前沿技术之外,《自然》杂志在本年度的值得关注的技术榜单中还提到了首个完整、无间隙人类基因组图谱T2T-CHM13,量子模拟,空间多组学,以及基于CRISPR的诊断技术等四个技术,这些技术在2022年也取得了诸多进展,由于篇幅有限,本文不再一一介绍。我们也期待在未来见证这些技术的发展与应用,让更多科研成果转化为造福患者的疗法。
作为药明康德旗下专注于细胞和基因疗法的CTDMO,药明生基致力于加速和变革基因和细胞治疗及其他高端治疗的开发、测试、生产和商业化。药明生基能够助力全球客户将更多创新疗法早日推向市场,造福病患。如您有相关业务需求,欢迎点击下方图片填写具体信息。
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参考资料(可上下滑动查看):
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